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Lab 3 **__Alka-Seltzer Rates of reaction lab __** There should be no talking while reading through the lab. If you have any questions, please raise your hand. Today we are going to be observing what occurs when an Alka-seltzer tablet is dissolved in water. An Alka-seltzer tablet produces Carbon dioxide gas when dissolved in water. It is obvious then that the reaction is as follows: Alka-seltzer + H2O → CO2 + products However there is a lot more going on than just this simple (looking) reaction. Alka Seltzer is an effervescent tablet used to relieve pain or an upset stomach. Alka-Seltzer’s primary ingredients are acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), citric acid ( C6H8O7) , and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). When the Alka-seltzer is in tablet form, the ingredients of the tablet do not form any sort of reaction, but when dissolved, the citric acid and sodium bicarbonate are able to react. · When the Alka-seltzer tablet dissolves in water, the sodium bicarbonate dissociates to form a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a sodium ion (Na+). 1. NaHCO 3 (//s//) → Na + (//aq//) + HCO 3 - (//aq//) (Notice the state of the sodium bicarbonate starts out as a solid and then it dissolves so it become aqueous.)  · Citric acid ( C6H8O7) also dissolves, donating an H+ to water to create a hydronium ion (H 3 O + (//aq)//) which is an acid. The by-product of this reaction is citrate (C6H7O7-). 2. C6H8O7(aq) + H2O (l) → C6H7O7-(aq) + H3O+(aq) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Since the Citric acid allowed for a hydronium ion (H3O+) to be present in the solution, the following reaction takes place between the hydronium ion and the bicarbonate ion: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3. HCO 3 - (//aq//) + H 3 O + (//aq//) → 2H 2 O(//l//) + CO 2 (//g//) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">(The sodium ion does not take part in this reaction, so is not included in the equation) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Complete reaction that occurs is as follows __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Sodium bicarbonate + citric acid ---> carbon dioxide (gas) + water + sodium citrate <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">NaHCO 3 (//aq//) + C6H8O7(aq) + H2O (l) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">→ NaC6H7O7(aq) + 2H2O(//l//) + CO2 (//g//) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The complete reaction above can be simplified by writing only the reactant and products that have an active role in the reaction. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The first step to doing this is to write any products or reactants in the form of the ions they create when they dissociate in water: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Na + (//aq//) + HCO 3 - (//aq//) + C6H7O7- (aq) + H3O+(aq) → 2H2O(//l//) + CO2 (//g//) + Na + (//aq//) + C6H7O7- (aq) · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">We then cancel and ions that appear in both the products and the reactants side of the equation. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Na + (aq) //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> + HCO 3 - (//aq//) + //C6H7O7- (aq)// + H3O+(aq) →2H2O(//l//) + CO2 (//g//) + //Na + (aq)// + //C6H7O7- (aq)// · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">By cancelling out the ions that appear on both the reactants and products side of the reaction, we are cancelling out any ions that are not an active part of the reaction. This is called writing the net ionic equation of a reaction: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">HCO 3 - (//aq//) + H 3 O + (//aq//) → 2H 2 O(//l//) + CO 2 (//g//) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Film canister (with lid) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Water <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">2 Alka-seltzer tablets (There are 2 in one package, so only on package needed) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Spatula <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Paper towel <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**Analysis Questions:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">NaHCO 3 (//s//) → Na + (//aq//) + HCO 3 - (//aq//) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">HCO 3 - (//aq//) + H 3 O + (//aq//) → 2H 2 O(//l//) <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">+ CO 2 (//g//) (you should have 2 types for this reaction) <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">4. Post a comment on our class webpage about what you liked most and what you like least in today’s experiment. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">When you are finished reading through the lab, close your books and have a pencil ready. Raise your hand and Miss. Wiebe will bring you a pre-lab quiz. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">After you have finished your pre-lab quiz, bring it to Miss Wiebe to be marked. If you have passed then you are able to start the lab.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Background information: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Purpose: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The objective of this experiment is to examine ways to increase or decrease the rate of the reaction of an Alka-seltzer tablet and water.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Materials: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Procedure: **
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Gather the materials needed for the lab (Don’t forget to wear your safety glasses).
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Break one Alka-seltzer tablet in half (or less)
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Place water in your film canister.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Drop a piece of Alka-Seltzer tablet into your water in the film canister (you should not need more than one half of the tablet, but you may try varying amounts).
 * 5) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Place the lid on the film canister. (You may want to be quick about this).
 * 6) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Stand back (the lid can shoot off at extreme speeds which could be harmful if it hits you)
 * 7) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Vary the amounts of tablets, the tightness of the lid, the time the lid is placed on, the surface area of the tablet and the temperature of the water to try to get the lid to pop off of the canister in exactly 10 seconds.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Be sure to make observations about what you are varying and how it works
 * 9) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">LEAVE ENOUGH TABLET TO REPEAT THE EXPERIMENT ON FINAL TIME AS A CLASS
 * 10) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Near the end of the lab class I will start the timer and all students will have to place their Alka-seltzer tablet into the water in the film canister at this time. I will count the time as it passes and you will have to write out the time that your lid popped off in the final reaction.
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">What are some of the variables you changed to try to adjust your lid to pop off at exactly 10 seconds? Which combinations worked best for you?
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Which combinations of variables worked best for other students’ whose lid popped off at exactly 10 seconds?
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Label the reaction types for the following reactions:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">After reading: **

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Project Proposal for Independent Research **


 * Name:_ **


 * I intend to use the following format for my final project **


 * I have chosen this format because: **

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 * I will be focusing on the following topic for this project: **


 * In detail, describe your project. (Attach extra paper if necessary) **


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 * Make a list of places where you hope to find information about your topic. **


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 * Organizing your work will help you to use your time effectively. Fill in the steps below with the order that you plan to do each part of the project. **


 * 1. **


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Bibliography:
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Notes: No Wikipedia, Take note of the capitalization, page numbers, and when no author, notice where the indents are and that a new line starts when the line above reaches the end of the page, Alphabetical order. See the fourth reference for how to reference a website containing no author, no date and no page number.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries: **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide authors' names. When no author is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date is present in the entry. When listing the URL, give only the home or index root as opposed to the URL for the entry.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">Bibliography ** Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. //A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149//. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from []

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Feminism. (n.d.) In //Encyclopædia Britannica online//. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from http: //www.britannica.com//

//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Marais, P., Jordaan, F. (2000). Are //we taking symbolic language for granted?//. Journal of Chemical Education, 77, Pg. 1355-1356.//

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Style list for references. (n.d.). Retrieved January 1, 2001, from http://www.apa.org

//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Woolfolk, A. (1996). //Vygotsky’s alternative to Piaget. //Educational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Pg. 47-51.//

//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Vygotsky, L. (1978 //). Interaction between learning and development//. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. Pg 79-139.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">RAFT Pollution Rubric

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writer seems to be writing from knowledge or experience. The author has taken the ideas and made them their own. Very creative and intriguing writing. The reader stays in the role the whole time ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">8-7 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writer seems to be drawing on knowledge or experience, but there is some lack of ownership of the topic. Creative and somewhat intriguing writing. The writer does not stay in the role the entire time ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">6-4 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writer relates some of his own knowledge or experience, but it adds nothing to the discussion of the topic. Some creativity demonstrated, but not intriguing writing. The reader barely stays in character. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">3-0 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writer has not transformed the information in a personal way. Neither creative nor intriguing writing. The reader has no role. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Role ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">10-9 **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The audience is interested and moved by the writing. The audience’s questions are anticipated and answered thoroughly and completely. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">8-7 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The audience is interested but may not be moved by the writing. The audience's questions are anticipated and answered to some extent. ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">6-4 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The audience may be interested but is not moved by the writing. The audience is left with one or two questions. More information is needed. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">3-0 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The audience is not interested or touched by the writing. The audience is left with several questions. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Audience ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">10-9 **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Writer chose an appropriate format for topic. Details are placed in a logical order and the way they are presented effectively keeps the interest of the reader. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">8-7 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Writer chose an appropriate format for topic. Details are placed in a logical order, but the writing is not presented in an entirely interesting way. ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">6-4 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Writer chose a somewhat appropriate format for topic. Some details are not in a logical or expected order, and this distracts the reader. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">3-0 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Writer chose an inappropriate format for topic. Many details are not in a logical or expected order. There is little sense that the writing is organized. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Format ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">10-9 **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">There is one clear, well-focused topic. Main idea stands out and is supported by detailed information. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">8-7 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Main idea is clear but the supporting information is general. ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">6-4 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Main idea is somewhat clear but there is a need for more supporting information. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">3-0 ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The main idea is not clear. There is a seemingly random collection of information. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Topic ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">10-9 **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student is completely prepared and has obviously rehearsed. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">8-7 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student seems pretty prepared but might have needed a couple more rehearsals. ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">6-4 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The student is somewhat prepared, but it is clear that rehearsal was lacking. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">3-0 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student does not seem at all prepared to present ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Presentation ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">10-9 **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student has many visuals, or detailed visuals that help the audience to picture the role of the reader/writer. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">8-7 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Students have few visuals or semi-detailed visuals that help the audience to picture the role of the reader/writer. ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">6-4 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The student has visuals, but they do not help the audience to visualize the role of the reader/writer any better. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">3-0 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Little to no visuals are present. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Visual ** ||  || **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">10-9 **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student presentation is within 3-5 minutes ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">4-2 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student presentation is slightly more that 5 minutes. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">4-2 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student presentation is slightly less than 3 minutes ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">1-0 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Student presentation is not even close to 3-5 minutes. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Time ** ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">5 **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Contains no grammar/ mechanical errors. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">4-3 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Contains very little grammar /mechanical errors, that do not interfere with understanding. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">2-1 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Contains many grammatical errors, but is still easy to understand. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">0 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Contains many grammatical errors and is difficult to understand because of it. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mechanics ** ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">5 **

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writing contains many examples and a lot of information, gathered from both the given reading and additional research. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">14-10 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writing contains many examples and information obtained from only the given reading ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">9-5 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writing contains few examples and little content, but there is information included that was not known prior to assignment. ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">4-0 ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The writing contains little to no content obtained from the reading or additional research. All information was known before the assignment began. ||
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Content ** ||  || **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">20-15 **